求一篇有国际贸易类的英文文献

What Is International Trade? If you walk into a supermarket and are able to buy South American bananas, Brazilian coffee and a bottle of South African wine, you are experiencing the effects of international trade.International trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available to us. It is the reason why you can pick between a Japanese, German and American car. As a result of international trade, the market contains greater competition and therefore more competitive prices, which bring a cheaper proct home to the consumer.What Is International Trade?International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of proct can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A proct that is sold to the global market is an export, and a proct that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments. (For more on this, see the articles What Is The Balance Of Payments? and Understanding The Current Account In The Balance Of Payments.)Increased Efficiency of Trading GloballyGlobal trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more efficiently. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may proce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently proce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known as specialization in international trade.Let's take a simple example. Country A and Country B both proce cotton sweaters and wine. Country A proces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B proces six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a year. Both can proce a total of 16 units. Country A, however, takes three hours to proce the 10 sweaters and two hours to proce the six bottles of wine (total of five hours). Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to proce 10 sweaters and three hours to proce six bottles of wine (total of four hours).But these two countries realize that they could proce more by focusing on those procts with which they have a comparative advantage. Country A then begins to proce only wine and Country B proces only cotton sweaters. Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per year and trade equal proportions of both procts. As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both procts.We can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of procing both procts is greater than the cost of specializing. More specifically, for each country, the opportunity cost of procing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both procts (after trading). Specialization reces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need. With the greater supply, the price of each proct would decrease, thus giving an advantage to the end consumer as well.Note that, in the example above, Country B could proce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time). This is called an absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of technology. However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. (For a review of some of these economic concepts, see the Economics Basics tutorial.)Other Possible Benefits of Trading GloballyInternational trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opportunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that indivials invest into foreign companies and other assets. In theory, economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic participants.For the receiving government, FDI is a means by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the country. These raise employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic proct. For the investor, FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher revenues.Free Trade vs. ProtectionismAs with other theories, there are opposing views. International trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that proction happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international market.ConclusionAs it opens up the opportunity for specialization and therefore more efficient use of resources, international trade has potential to maximize a country's capacity to proce and acquire goods. Opponents of global free trade have argued, however, that international trade still allows for inefficiencies that leave developing nations compromised. What is certain is that the global economy is in a state of continual change and, as it develops, so too must all of its participants. 如果你走进超市，并能买到南美香蕉，巴西咖啡和一瓶南非葡萄酒，您所遇到的影响国际贸易。国际贸易使我们能够扩大我们的市场，商品和服务，否则可能没有提供给我们。这就是为什么您可以挑选之间日语，德语和美国车。由于国际贸易，市场包含更大的竞争，因此更具有竞争力的价格，由此带来更便宜的产品提供给消费者。什么是国际贸易？国际贸易是交流之间的货物和服务的国家。这种类型的贸易引起了世界经济，在这种价格或供应和需求，影响和影响的全球性活动。政治变化，例如，亚洲可能会导致成本增加的劳动力，从而增加了生产成本为美国的耐克公司总部设在马来西亚，然后导致价格上升，你不得不花钱购买在网球鞋在您当地的商场。在减少的劳动力成本，另一方面，将导致您不需要支付较少为您的新鞋。贸易在全球范围和国家为消费者提供的机会接触到商品和服务不提供在自己的国家。几乎每一种产品可以在国际市场：食品，衣服，零件，石油，珠宝，葡萄酒，股票，货币和水。服务也是交易：旅游，金融，咨询和运输。产品销往全球市场的出口，和一种产品，是购买的全球市场是一个进口。进口和出口都是以一国的经常账户的国际收支。 （欲了解更多关于这个，请参阅文章什么是国际收支平衡？和了解目前帐户收支平衡。 ）提高效率，在全球范围内的交易全球贸易允许富裕国家利用它们的资源-无论是劳动，技术或资本-更有效率。由于国家赋予了不同的资产和自然资源（土地，劳动力，资本和技术），一些国家可能产生同样的好，因此更有效地销售更便宜比其他国家。如果一个国家不能有效地产生一个项目，它可以取得该项目的贸易与其他国家可以。这就是所谓的专业化的国际贸易。让我们来一个简单的例子。 A国和乙国毛衣都生产棉花和葡萄酒。 A国生产10毛衣和六瓶葡萄酒，而乙国生产6毛衣和10瓶葡萄酒一年。既可以产生，共有16个单位。 A国，但是，需要3个小时生产10毛衣和两小时内产生的6瓶葡萄酒（共5个小时） 。 B国，另一方面，需要一小时生产10毛衣和三个小时的生产六瓶葡萄酒（共4个小时） 。但是这两个国家认识到，他们可以生产更多的是侧重于这些产品，他们具有相对优势。 A国然后开始只生产葡萄酒和乙国只生产棉花毛衣。每个国家现在可以创建一个专门的产出20个单位，每年的贸易同等比例的两种产品。因此，每个国家现在已进入20个单位的这两种产品。我们可以看到那两个国家的机会成本，生产这两种产品是大于成本的专业。更具体而言，每个国家的机会成本，生产16单位都毛衣和葡萄酒为20单位的两种产品（交易）。专业化降低其机会成本，因此，最大限度地提高其效率获取他们所需要的货物。随着更多的供应，每个产品的价格将下降，从而有利于最终消费者以及。请注意，在上面的例子中，国家B可以同时生产葡萄酒和棉花比国家更有效的（更少的时间）。这就是所谓的绝对优势，乙国可能是因为较高的技术水平。然而，根据国际贸易理论，即使一个国家拥有绝对优势，另外，它仍然可以受益于专业化。（审查其中的一些经济概念，请参阅经济学基础知识教程。 ）其他可能的好处的交易在全球范围内国际贸易的结果，不仅提高了效率，而且也使国家参与全球经济，鼓励的机会，外国直接投资（ FDI ） ，这是的金额，个人投资于外国公司和其他资产。从理论上讲，经济增长因此可以更有效，也更容易成为有竞争力的经济参与者。为接受政府，外国直接投资是一种手段，外汇和专门知识可以进入该国。这些提高就业水平，从理论上讲，导致经济增长在国内生产总值。为投资者，外国直接投资提供了公司扩张和增长，这意味着更高的收入。自由贸易与保护主义至于其他的理论，有反对意见。国际贸易有两种截然不同的看法程度的控制放在贸易：自由贸易和保护主义。自由贸易是简单的两种理论：一种放任自流的方式，没有任何的贸易限制。主要的想法是，供应和需求的因素，在全球范围经营，将确保发生生产效率。因此，没有什么需要做，以保护或促进贸易和市场力量的增长，因为这样做将自动。与此相反，保护主义认为调节国际贸易重要的是要确保市场的正常运作。主张这一理论认为，市场的低效率可能妨碍国际贸易的利益，他们的目的是引导市场相应。保护主义存在于许多不同的形式，但最常见的是关税，补贴和配额。这些战略企图，以纠正任何效率不高在国际市场上。结论因为它开辟了专门的机会，因此更有效地利用资源，国际贸易的潜力最大限度地发挥一个国家的能力，以生产和收购货物。反对者的全球自由贸易的主张，但是，国际贸易仍然允许效率低下离开发展中国家的损害。可以肯定的是，全球经济正处于不断的变化，因为它的发展，也必须在其所有与会者。