求一篇有國際貿易類的英文文獻

What Is International Trade? If you walk into a supermarket and are able to buy South American bananas, Brazilian coffee and a bottle of South African wine, you are experiencing the effects of international trade.International trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and services that otherwise may not have been available to us. It is the reason why you can pick between a Japanese, German and American car. As a result of international trade, the market contains greater competition and therefore more competitive prices, which bring a cheaper proct home to the consumer.What Is International Trade?International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Political change in Asia, for example, could result in an increase in the cost of labor, thereby increasing the manufacturing costs for an American sneaker company based in Malaysia, which would then result in an increase in the price that you have to pay to buy the tennis shoes at your local mall. A decrease in the cost of labor, on the other hand, would result in you having to pay less for your new shoes.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every kind of proct can be found on the international market: food, clothes, spare parts, oil, jewelry, wine, stocks, currencies and water. Services are also traded: tourism, banking, consulting and transportation. A proct that is sold to the global market is an export, and a proct that is bought from the global market is an import. Imports and exports are accounted for in a country's current account in the balance of payments. (For more on this, see the articles What Is The Balance Of Payments? and Understanding The Current Account In The Balance Of Payments.)Increased Efficiency of Trading GloballyGlobal trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more efficiently. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may proce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently proce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known as specialization in international trade.Let's take a simple example. Country A and Country B both proce cotton sweaters and wine. Country A proces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B proces six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a year. Both can proce a total of 16 units. Country A, however, takes three hours to proce the 10 sweaters and two hours to proce the six bottles of wine (total of five hours). Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to proce 10 sweaters and three hours to proce six bottles of wine (total of four hours).But these two countries realize that they could proce more by focusing on those procts with which they have a comparative advantage. Country A then begins to proce only wine and Country B proces only cotton sweaters. Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per year and trade equal proportions of both procts. As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both procts.We can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of procing both procts is greater than the cost of specializing. More specifically, for each country, the opportunity cost of procing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both procts (after trading). Specialization reces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need. With the greater supply, the price of each proct would decrease, thus giving an advantage to the end consumer as well.Note that, in the example above, Country B could proce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time). This is called an absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of technology. However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. (For a review of some of these economic concepts, see the Economics Basics tutorial.)Other Possible Benefits of Trading GloballyInternational trade not only results in increased efficiency but also allows countries to participate in a global economy, encouraging the opportunity of foreign direct investment (FDI), which is the amount of money that indivials invest into foreign companies and other assets. In theory, economies can therefore grow more efficiently and can more easily become competitive economic participants.For the receiving government, FDI is a means by which foreign currency and expertise can enter the country. These raise employment levels and, theoretically, lead to a growth in the gross domestic proct. For the investor, FDI offers company expansion and growth, which means higher revenues.Free Trade vs. ProtectionismAs with other theories, there are opposing views. International trade has two contrasting views regarding the level of control placed on trade: free trade and protectionism. Free trade is the simpler of the two theories: a laissez-faire approach, with no restrictions on trade. The main idea is that supply and demand factors, operating on a global scale, will ensure that proction happens efficiently. Therefore, nothing needs to be done to protect or promote trade and growth because market forces will do so automatically.In contrast, protectionism holds that regulation of international trade is important to ensure that markets function properly. Advocates of this theory believe that market inefficiencies may hamper the benefits of international trade and they aim to guide the market accordingly. Protectionism exists in many different forms, but the most common are tariffs, subsidies and quotas. These strategies attempt to correct any inefficiency in the international market.ConclusionAs it opens up the opportunity for specialization and therefore more efficient use of resources, international trade has potential to maximize a country's capacity to proce and acquire goods. Opponents of global free trade have argued, however, that international trade still allows for inefficiencies that leave developing nations compromised. What is certain is that the global economy is in a state of continual change and, as it develops, so too must all of its participants. 假如你走進超市，並能買到南美噴鼻蕉，巴西咖啡跟一瓶南非葡萄酒，妳所碰到的影響國際貿易。國際貿易使我們可能擴大年夜我們的市場，商品跟效勞，不然可能不供給給我們。這就是為什麼妳可能挑選之間日語，德語跟美國車。因為國際貿易，市場包含更大年夜的競爭，因此更存在競爭力的價格，由此帶來更便宜的產品供給給花費者。什麼是國際貿易？國際貿易是交換之間的貨物跟效勞的國度。這品種型的貿易惹起了世界經濟，在這種價格或供給跟須要，影響跟影響的全球性活動。政治變更，比方，亞洲可能會招致本錢增加的休息力，從而增加了出產本錢為美國的耐克公司總部設在馬來西亞，然後招致價格上升，你不得不花錢購買在網球鞋在妳外地的煩忙煩忙。在增加的休息力本錢，另一方面，將招致妳不須要付出較少為妳的新鞋。貿易在全球範疇跟國度為花費者供給的機會接觸到商品跟效勞不供給在本人的國度。多少乎每一種產品可能在國際市場：食品，衣服，整機，石油，珠寶，葡萄酒，股票，貨幣跟水。效勞也是買賣：遊覽，金融，諮詢跟運輸。產品銷往全球市場的出口，跟一種產品，是購買的全球市場是一個進口。進口跟出口都是以一國的常常賬戶的國際進出。 （欲懂得更多對於這個，請參閱文章什麼是國際進出均衡？跟懂得現在帳戶進出均衡。 ）進步效力，在全球範疇內的買賣全球貿易容許富饒國度利用它們的資本-無論是休息，技巧或資本-更有效力。因為國度付與了差其余資產跟天然資本（地皮，休息力，資本跟技巧），一些國度可能產生同樣的好，因此更有效地銷售更便宜比其他國度。假如一個國度不克不及有效地產生一個項目，它可能獲得該項目標貿易與其他國度可能。這就是所謂的專業化的國際貿易。讓我們來一個簡單的例子。 A國跟乙國毛衣都出產棉花跟葡萄酒。 A國出產10毛衣跟六瓶葡萄酒，而乙國出產6毛衣跟10瓶葡萄酒一年。既可能產生，共有16個單位。 A國，但是，須要3個小時出產10毛衣跟兩小時內產生的6瓶葡萄酒（共5個小時） 。 B國，另一方面，須要一小時出產10毛衣跟三個小時的出產六瓶葡萄酒（共4個小時） 。但是這兩個國度認識到，他們可能出產更多的是側重於這些產品，他們存在絕對上風。 A國然後開端只出產葡萄酒跟乙國只出產棉花毛衣。每個國度現在可能創建一個專門的產出20個單位，每年的貿易同等比例的兩種產品。因此，每個國度現在已進入20個單位的這兩種產品。我們可能看到那兩個國度的機會本錢，出產這兩種產品是大年夜於本錢的專業。更具體而言，每個國度的機會本錢，出產16單位都毛衣跟葡萄酒為20單位的兩種產品（買賣）。專業化降落其機會本錢，因此，最大年夜限制地進步其效力獲取他們所須要的貨物。跟著更多的供給，每個產品的價格將降落，從而有利於終極花費者以及。請注意，鄙人面的例子中，國度B可能同時出產葡萄酒跟棉花比國度更有效的（更少的時光）。這就是所謂的絕對上風，乙國可能是因為較高的技巧程度。但是，根據國際貿易現實，即便一個國度擁有絕對上風，其余，它仍然可能受益於專業化。（檢察其中的一些經濟不雅點，請參閱經濟學基本知識教程。 ）其他可能的好處的買賣在全球範疇內國際貿易的成果，不只進步了效力，並且也使國度參加全球經濟，鼓勵的機會，本國直接投資（ FDI ） ，這是的金額，團體投資於本國公司跟其他資產。從現實上講，經濟增加因此可能更有效，也更輕易成為有競爭力的經濟參加者。為接收當局，本國直接投資是一種手段，外匯跟專門知識可能進入該國。這些進步賦閑程度，從現實上講，招致經濟增加在國內出產總值。為投資者，本國直接投資供給了公司擴大年夜跟增加，這意味著更高的收入。自由貿易與保護主義至於其他的現實，有支持看法。國際貿易有兩種壹模壹樣的見解程度的把持放在貿易：自由貿易跟保護主義。自由貿易是簡單的兩種現實：一种任其自然的方法，不任何的貿易限制。重要的主意是，供給跟須要的要素，在全球範疇運營，將確保產生出產效力。因此，不什麼須要做，以保護或促進貿易跟市場力量的增加，因為如許做將主動。與此相反，保護主義認為調理國際貿易重要的是要確保市場的正常運作。主意這一現實認為，市場的低效力可能妨礙國際貿易的好處，他們的目標是領導市場響應。保護主義存在於很多差其余情勢，但最罕見的是關稅，補貼跟配額。這些戰略打算，以改正任何效力不高在國際市場上。結論因為它開闢了專門的機會，因此更有效地利用資本，國際貿易的潛力最大年夜限制地發揮一個國度的才能，以出產跟收購貨物。支持者的全球自由貿易的主意，但是，國際貿易仍然容許效力低下分開開展中國度的侵害。可能斷定的是，全球經濟正處於壹直的變更，因為它的開展，也必須在其全部與會者。